Disorders

Immune Disorders
In a clinical trial on athletes at the University of Pretoria 35 drops of Cellfood® increased the oxygen uptake by 5%, and normalized all haematological (blood) values, amongst others.
Our products, in addition to and in conjunction with other medical treatments, can be of great benefit to one’s health.
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  • Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
    Where one's viral load requires that ARV's be taken or are prescribed by a doctor, one must be sure to take that route.
    Introduction
    Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS, is transmitted through sexual intercourse, exposure to infected blood products, and perinatally from mother to neonate.
    • An infected person might not develop the symptoms of AIDS immediately; some people may stay healthy for a long period of time (from two to ten years), while others become ill sooner. A small percentage may never get sick.
    • On average it takes about eight years for an HIV-infected person to develop AIDS.
    AIDS is an immune system disorder.
    • When the human immunodeficiency virus invades immune cells like T lymphocytes and multiplies, it causes a breakdown in the body’s immune system, eventually leading to overwhelming infection and/or cancer.
    • Most deaths among people with AIDS are not caused by AIDS itself, but by one of the many infections or cancers to which the syndrome makes the body vulnerable.
    Prevention and treatment
    The amount of virus in the blood is known as the viral load.
      • In the first few months after infection, a large number of viral particles circulate in the blood (the infection is now very contagious).
      • Later the viral load drops to a lower level that remains constant for some time. This level is an important indicator of how contagious the person’s infection is and how fast the disease is likely to progress.
      • The viral load is measured during treatment since a decreasing or very low level indicates that treatment is working.
      • The goal of treatment is to lower the viral load to the point where it is undetectable (suppressed) in the blood, although some virus is probably still present.
    Prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS should incorporate a strategy that includes key elements like education, dietary support and nutritional supplementation, the use of complementary and alternative medicine, and the appropriate use of drugs like anti-retrovirals (ARVs).
        • A malnourished body has a compromised immunity - with a poor immune function there is an increased progression rate of the disease.
        • Certain nutrients in food play a particularly helpful role in enhancing the immune system including vitamin C and E, carotenoids and other immune boosting ingredients.
    Nutritional supplements comprise a wide array of substances including amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins and minerals, enzymes and anti-oxidants.
        • Supporting science has established that many of these nutrients/substances have a positive influence on the disease markers that relate to HIV.
        • Significant among these substances are vitamin A, selenium, glutamine, co-enzyme Q10, beta-sitosterols and arginine.
    Complementary and alternative medicines employ a wide range of substances.
        • Many of these substances include herbs that have been used for centuries for the treatment of immune-compromised conditions.
    ARVs form part of the programme for the care of the HIV/AIDS patient.
    • ARVs have to be prescribed and administered by registered professionals after a careful assessment of the status of the patient.
    • It is necessary to introduce ARVs during the more developed phase of the disease.
    Conclusion
    It is essential that people with HIV/AIDS maintain proper immune function and prevent malnutrition to avoid opportunistic infections.
    • Emphasis must be placed on nutritious food, an aggressive supplementation programme, regular exercise, fresh air, positive thinking, and stress reduction.
    • There must also be an avoidance of any substance, activity, or behaviour that suppresses the immune system and prevents it from acting ay full capacity.
  • Fibromyalgia
    What is fibromyalgia?
    Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and multiple tender points. ‘Tender points’ refer to tenderness that occurs in precise, localized areas, particularly in the neck, spine, shoulders, and hips.
    • FM primarily occurs in women of childbearing age, but the elderly, men and children can also be affected.
    • Many children diagnosed with fibromyalgia, often start with flu-like symptoms and then become chronic, with sleep disturbance a major feature. Some children also display Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) symptoms, fatigue, school and behavior problems and commonly a tendency to allergies. Some experts also find that such children frequently have very loose (hypermobile) joints.
    What causes fibromyalgia?
    Although the cause of fibromyalgia is unknown, researchers have several theories about causes or triggers of the disorder.
    • Some believe that the syndrome may be caused by an injury or trauma/shock (physical or emotional). This injury may affect the central nervous system.
    • Fibromyalgia may also be associated with changes in muscle metabolism, such as decreased blood flow, causing fatigue and decreased strength.
    • Others believe the syndrome may be triggered by an infectious agent such as a virus in susceptible people, but no such agent has been identified.
    • The myriad of symptoms certainly favors a central origin. No peripheral inflammatory or metabolic disorder has ever been defined as causal, but many patients do have arthritic or neuritic illnesses, which augment their centrally impaired pain-processing abilities.
    • Twenty to 40% of patients with connective tissue disorders, especially Lupus and Sjögren's syndrome, have concomitant fibromyalgia.
    How is fibromyalgia diagnosed?
    Fibromyalgia is difficult to diagnose because many of the symptoms mimic those of other disorders.
    • The physician reviews the patient's medical history and makes a diagnosis of fibromyalgia based on a history of chronic widespread pain that persists for more than 3 months.
    • The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) has developed criteria for fibromyalgia that physicians can use in diagnosing the disorder. According to ACR criteria, a person is considered to have fibromyalgia if he or she has widespread pain in combination with tenderness in at least 11 of 18 specific tender point sites.
    • Pain is considered widespread when all of the following are present: pain in the left side of the body, pain in the right side of the body, pain above the waist and pain below the waist. In addition there should be pain in the spine or the neck or front of the chest, or thoracic spine or lower back.
    How is fibromyalgia treated?
    Treatment of fibromyalgia requires a comprehensive approach. The physician, physical therapist, and patient may all play an active role in the management of fibromyalgia.
    • Studies have shown that aerobic exercise, such as swimming and walking, improve muscle fitness and reduce muscle pain and tenderness. Heat and massage may also give short-term relief.
    •  Antidepressant medications may help elevate mood, improve quality of sleep, and relax muscles. Sleep is a key feature of this condition and restoration of normal sleep is vital in recovery.
    • Patients with fibromyalgia may benefit from a combination of exercise, medication, physical therapy, and relaxation.
    • Many patients also have success using nutritional supplements.
    Source: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.
    OH MY ACHING BODY! Fighting Fibromyalgia
    (article written by Michelle Schoffro Cook, DAc, CNC, CITP)
    Click here to read article.
  • Tuberculosis: A disease of many organs
    Dr Jacques Rossouw (DSc Biochemistry; Hons Pharmacology; MBA).
    Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious disease caused by a bacterium known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although primarily a disease of the lungs, it can affect any organ including the bones, spine, intestines, kidneys, lymph nodes, bladder, joints, liver, heart, and spleen. There are two strains, one human and one bovine (cow), which are spread by inhalation of infected sputum in the case of the former and by drinking infected milk in the case of the latter.
    TB is generally overcome by an intact immune system but anyone with a lowered resistance from conditions such as malnutrition, stress, steroid therapy, diabetes and drug use (including alcohol, smoking or those taking drugs for immuno-suppression, as in HIV and AIDS) are more likely to succumb if this disease is contracted. Anybody with lung infection or disease is also more prone.
    The incidents of tuberculosis remain high in overcrowded and Third World countries, but until recently TB was on the wane in the Western world. Unfortunately, injudicious use of antibacterial agents has led to resistant strains developing, which are now defeating even the strongest of antibiotics.
    Left alone, the great majority of those who contract TB will simply defeat the bacteria and leave a characteristic calcified area noted on X-rays. This is formed by the body's attempt to wall in the infection. The bacteria may continue to live within this cavity and escape at times when the individual is run down, causing a reactivation of the symptoms.
    Investigations include chest X-rays with lesions that usually appear in the upper part of the lungs. Some blood changes may be found but a definitive diagnosis is generally made by culturing sputum or urine samples, depending upon where the infection is, and growing them in special culture mediums. In a severely ill person, treatment with antibiotics may need to be started before a firm diagnosis is made and before it is known whether the antibiotics being used are in fact going to affect this type of bacteria. Complementary medical treatment may be of benefit in less seriously ill people whilst they await the sensitivity reports so that accurate antibiotic treatment may be given.
    Some treatment recommendations that may be of value:
    • If tuberculosis is diagnosed, do not rush into drug treatment unless symptoms are causing marked problems. Instead consult a complementary medical practitioner with experience in this field. Self-treatment may not necessarily be the best.
    • To be successful against tuberculosis, antibiotic treatment must usually be taken every day for between nine months and one year after initial diagnosis. Researchers have, however, documented numerous cases in which people discontinue treatment after the symptoms are gone but before the infection itself is under control. To prevent drug resistance stick to and complete the treatment regime.
    • Ensure that a change in lifestyle is made to eliminate all factors that may be reducing immunity, especially bad habits such as smoking and excess alcohol. Any drug abuse will reduce the body's immune response.
    • Prevention is generally the best form of treatment so ensure that your health is at an optimum level before visiting areas where tuberculosis is endemic.
    Miliary tuberculosis spreads through the blood and can thus infect any tissue or organ. Widespread symptoms may occur and the above treatment recommendations should be considered bearing in mind that this condition is far more aggressive and likely to have a poorer prognosis.
  • Chronic Fatigue
    Chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia – just all in the mind?
    Dr Jacques Rossouw
    Introduction
    According to a medical dictionary fatigue is a state of increased discomfort and decreased efficiency resulting from prolonged or excessive exertion; loss of power or capacity to respond to stimulation (Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1994 p612). Depending on their activity and stress levels, most people experience fatigue daily. The feeling of fatigue usually subsides after a good night’s rest or two.
    Some people, however, experience fatigue for extended periods of time. Chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome (CFIDS) is an illness with many names: chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), ‘yuppie flu’ or myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME). CFS is defined as severe fatigue of unknown aetiology lasting more than six months. Fibromyalgia (FM) is also a chronic condition accompanied by many symptoms, including widespread pain and fatigue.
    CFS and FM - the same illness, but different names?
    CFS and FM are distinguished by great uncertainty regarding aetiology, diagnostics, treatment and prognosis. Both illnesses are criteria diagnoses, FM since 1981 and CFS since 1988. There is a partly overlapping symptomatology where the diagnosis CFS is connected with symptoms like fatigue and exhaustibility, muscle pain, sore throat, headache, impaired memory, concentration difficulties and sleep disorder and FM with symptoms such as aches, pain, stiffness and feebleness in the muscles, fatigue, headache, swelling, bowel problems, and sleeping difficulties.
    Fibromyalgia
    FM is characterized by long-lasting widespread pain, aching, fatigue and stiffness, and is often accompanied by non-restorative sleep, mood disturbance, irritable bowel syndrome, headache and paraesthesias. While the aetiology of FM is poorly understood, most researchers agree that aberrant central pain processing mechanisms and a complex interaction of multiple factors are responsible for the symptoms of FM.
    The prevalence of FM has been estimated to be 1-3%, often co-existing with CFS. FM affects women more often than men and exacts a high toll with regard to morbidity. The psychological profile of FM sufferers is heterogeneous and includes individuals who appear to manage their symptoms by adapting to their limitations or developing strategies to cope with everyday problems and those who perceive themselves to be helpless and unable to cope with their symptoms (Mannerkorpi and Iverson, 2003).
    Compared with their healthy counterparts, patients with FM display reduced upper and lower extremity physical performance capacity, and many everyday activities such as walking, working with arms, and prolonged sitting and standing are difficult to perform. They also demonstrate reduced aerobic capacity compared with published standards of healthy individuals, but not in studies comparing patients with sedentary healthy women.
    The symptoms and associated disability of FM are often aggravated by physical activities, stress, anxiety, fatigue and poor sleep, thus affecting many dimensions of life. The severity and consequences of FM have been associated with pain, fatigue, helplessness, psychological distress, work status, coping, level of education and an escalation of work-related disability and healthcare costs.
    FM sufferers tend to present as stressed, tense, depressed and anxious. It may be induced or intensified by physical or mental stress, chronic overwork, poor sleep or sleep disorders, physical or emotional trauma, depression, exposure to dampness or cold, and occasionally by a systemic, usually rheumatic disorder (Crane, 2005).
    In milder cases FM may spontaneously go into remission when stress levels are decreased, but most patients have chronic symptoms that are constant or recur at frequent intervals. With treatment, however, many do eventually resume increased activities (Crane, 2005).
    Conventional treatment usually includes bed rest and a recommendation to decrease stress levels. Doctors may also recommend stretching exercises, local applications of heat and gentle massage for the pain. Nutritional supplements are also used with great success.
    Chronic fatigue syndrome
    A number of theories exist regarding the causes of CFS and includes a dysfunctional immune system, ongoing depression, a traumatic or stressful event, or a viral/bacterial infection. Some scientists postulate that muscle deficits are the cause of fatigue following activity while others implicate deconditioning (Mannerkorpi and Iverson, 2003).
    A multi-disciplinary approach is an effective way to provide relief: a medical intervention addresses the symptoms, offering medication for pain, sleep disturbances, depression and anxiety, and flu-like symptoms, where supportive therapies involve the know how of a dietician, psychologist, and a physiotherapist/chiropractor.
    Whenever the possibility exists that the immune system is involved, it is important to ensure that adequate amounts of nutrients are consumed, thus strengthening the immune system.
    What supplements can be used?
    The following supplements have proven to be of benefit for both CFS and FM sufferers (Crane, 2005; Holford, 2004):
    • Beneficial intestinal flora
    • Magnesium malate (600mg)
    • Vitamin B1: to address thiamin deficiency symptoms
    • Vitamin B12 IM
    • Vitamin C (2 x 1g)
    • Zinc 15mg
    • L-tryptophan and / or 5HTP for serotonin and dopamine rebalancing
    • Vitamin B6  - 50mg
    • Selenium 200 - 300mg
    • DHEA 5 - 25mg
    • Multivitamin and mineral
    • Omega 3 and 6
    • Tokuhon medical plasters for the pain
    References
    Crane, A. 2005. Dis-Chem benefits magazine; issue 10, 96-97.
    Holford, P. 2004. New optimum nutrition bible. Piatkus Books Ltd; 455.
    Mannerkorpi, K. and Iverson, M.D. 2003. Physical exercise in fibromyalgia and related syndromes. Best practise and research clinical rheumatology, vol 17 (4), 629-647.
    Chronic fatigue: what should you know?
    What is chronic fatigue?
    Fatigue is a state of increased discomfort and decreased efficiency resulting from prolonged or excessive exertion; loss of power or capacity to respond to stimulation. Depending on their activity and stress levels, most people experience fatigue daily. The feeling of fatigue usually subsides after a good night’s rest or two.
    Some people, however, experience fatigue for extended periods of time. Chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome (CFIDS) is an illness with many names: chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), ‘yuppie flu’ or myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME). CFS is defined as severe fatigue of unknown aetiology lasting more than six months.
    How is chronic fatigue treated?
    A number of theories exist regarding the causes of CFS and includes a dysfunctional immune system, ongoing depression, a traumatic or stressful event, or a viral/bacterial infection.
    A multi-disciplinary approach is an effective way to provide relief: a medical intervention addresses the symptoms, offering medication for pain, sleep disturbances, depression and anxiety, and flu-like symptoms, where supportive therapies involve the know how of a dietician, psychologist, and a physiotherapist/chiropractor.
    Whenever the possibility exists that the immune system is involved, it is important to ensure that adequate amounts of nutrients are consumed, thus strengthening the immune system.
    Are nutritional supplements of value?
    The following supplements have proven to be of benefit for CFS sufferers: a multivitamin/mineral, a probiotic, vitamins B1, B6, B12, and C, the minerals magnesium, zinc and selenium, omega 3 and 6, DHEA, L-tryptophan and/or 5HTP.
    1.         Cellfood® and chronic fatigue
    2.         Cellfood® Longevity and chronic fatigue
    Conclusion
    People with CFS need to manage their symptoms and support their immune system by taking an oxygen mineral supplement such as Cellfood®. Cellfood® Longevity reduces homocysteine levels, helps with tissue repair and provides energy.
  • Sickle cell anemia
    "Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary, genetically determined hemolytic anemia, one of the hemoglobinopathies, occurring almost exclusively in Blacks..." Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary.
    1.  Introduction
    Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited blood disorder caused by a genetic mutation that leads to the generation of a mutant form of the beta-globin chain of hemoglobin (Hb). Red blood cells containing Hb with this mutant beta-globin chain change shape upon deoxygenation, get stuck in blood vessels, deprive the surrounding tissues of oxygen, and thus lead to organ damage.
    SCD is inherited from both parents, usually presents in childhood and occurs more commonly in people (or their descendants) from parts of tropical and sub-tropical regions where malaia is or was common. One-third of all indigenous inhabitants of Sub-Saharan Africa carry the gene, because in areas where malaria is common, there is a survival value in carrying only a single sickle cell gene (sickle cell trait). Those with only one of the two alleles of the sickle-cell disease are more resistant to malaria, since the infestation of the malaria plasmodium is halted by the sickling of the cells which it infests (Marieb, 1998).
    Someone who inherits the hemoglobin S gene from one parent and normal hemoglobin from the other parent will have sickle cell trait. People with sickle cell trait do not have the symptoms of true sickle cell anemia.
    The prevalence of the disease in the United States is approximately 1 in 5 000 and about 1 in 500 black births have sickle cell anemia.
    2. Causes
    In sickle cell anemia (also known as sicklemia), the havoc caused by the abnormal hemoglobin S (HbS), results from a change in just one of the 287 amino acids in a beta chain of the globin molecule (a valine residue is substituted with a glutamine residue at position 6). This alteration causes the beta chains to link together to form stiff rods, and as a result hemoglobin S becomes spiky and sharp when not fully loaded with oxygen. This, in turn, causes the reb blood cells to become crescent-shaped when they unload oxygen molecules or when the oxygen content of the blood is lower than normal, as during rigorous exercise and other activities that increases the metabolic rate. The stiffened and deformed erythrocytes rupture easily and tend to dam up in small blood vessels. These events interfere with oxygen delivery, leaving the victims gasping for air and exterme pain. The standard traetment for an acute sickle cell crisis is a blood transfusion (Marieb, 1998).
    3. Symptoms
    Patient symptoms usually don't occur until after the age of four months. Almost all patients with sickle cell anemia have painful episodes (crises), which can last from hours to days. These crises can affect the bones of the back, the long bones, and the chest. Some patients have one episode every few years while others have many episodes per year. The crises can be severe enough to require a hospital stay.
    Common symptoms include: abdominal, chest and bone pain, delayed growth and puberty, yellowing of the eyes and skin (jaundice), breathlessness, fever, fatigue, rapid heart rate, excessive thirst, frequent urination, painful and prolonged erection (priapism occurs in 10-40% of men with the disease), poor eyesight/blindness, strokes and skin ulcers (due to poor blood flow) (Hebbel, 2008).
    4. Examinations and tests
    Tests commonly performed to diagnose and monitor patients with sickle cell anemia include:
    • Complete blood count (CBC)
    • Hemoglobin electrophoresis<
    • Sickle cell test
    5. Treatment
    Patients with sickle cell disease need ongoing treatment, even when they are not having a painful crisis (Geller and O'Connor, 2008). The purpose of treatment is to manage and control symptoms, and to limit the frequency of crises. Painful episodes are treated with pain medication and by drinking plenty of fluids. Non-narcotic medications may be effective, but some patients will need large doses of narcotics.
    Patients with SCD are advised to take folic acid and B12 (essential for producing red blood cells) because red blood cells are turned over so quickly.
    Hydroxyurea is a drug some patients use to reduce the number of pain episodes (including chest pain and difficulty breathing) (Brawley et al., 2008). It may benefit some adults with moderate and severe SCD by increasing fetal Hb (HbF) expression. However, it does not work for all individuals. Moutouh-de Parseval and colleagues have however found that immunomodulatory anticancer drugs lenalidomide and pomalidomide are more effective than hydroxyurea at inducing HbF expression by erythrocytes derived in vitro from CD34+ cells from healthy individuals.
    Antibiotics and vaccines are given to prevent bacterial infections, which are common in children with sickle cell disease. Blood transfusions are used to treat a sickle cell crisis. They may also be used on a regular basis to help prevent strokes.
    5.1 The value of nutritional supplements
    Although supplements won’t cure the disease, they do have value in alleviating some of the symptoms. An oxygen mineral supplement like Cellfood® could help in supplying oxygen to the oxygen-deprived cells. In a clinical trial on athletes at the University of Pretoria (Nolte, 2001), 35 drops of Cellfood® increased the oxygen uptake by 5%, and the ferritin levels by 31%, amongst others.
    • These findings can also be of benefit to the SCD patient. Cellfood® is rapidly absorbed by the body, assists with oxygenation and increases the oxygen saturation in the blood.
    • Oxygen is one of the important elements for aerobic life as we know it and is essential for energizing and cleansing the body.
    • The increased ferritin levels can assist with the production of more red blood cells that are needed to transport oxygen to the different organs and cells.
    5.2 Other treatments for complications may include:
    • Dialysis or kidney transplant (kidney disease)
    • Drug rehabilitation and counseling for psychological complications
    • Gallbladder removal (gallstone disease)
    • Hip replacementfor avascular necrosis of the hip
    • Irrigation or surgery for persistent, painful erections (priapism)
    • Surgery for eye problems
    • Wound care, zinc oxide, or surgery for leg ulcers
    Bone marrow or stem cell transplants can cure sickle cell anemia. However, transplants have many risks, including infection, and rejection, and are currently thus not an option for most patients. Also, sickle cell anemia patients are often unable to find well-matched donors.
    6. Prognosis
    In the past, sickle cell patients often died from organ failure/infection between the ages of 20 and 40. Thanks to a better understanding and management of the disease, patients can today live into their 50’s or beyond. Some people with the disease experience minor, brief, infrequent episodes. Others experience severe, long-term, frequent episodes with many complications.
    7. Prevention
    Sickle cell anemia can only occur when two people who carry the sickle cell trait have a child together. About 1 in 12 African Americans has the sickle cell trait. Genetic counseling is recommended for all carriers of the sickle cell trait. It is also possible to diagnose sickle cell anemia during pregnancy.
    7.1 The sickling of red blood cells can be lessened by:
    • Getting enough fluids
    • Getting enough oxygen (use CellfoodÒ for example)
    • Quickly treating infections
    Patients are advised to have physical examinationss every 3 - 6 months to ensure that their diets are still sufficient, and that they are receiving the proper vaccinations. Regular eye examinationss are also recommended.
    7.2 Preventing infections and a crises:
    • People with sickle cell anemia need to keep their immunizations up to date, including Haemophilus influenza, pneumococcal, meningococcal, hepatitis B, and influenza;
    • Some patients may receive antibiotics to prevent infections, and
    • Parents should encourage children with sickle cell anemia to lead normal lives.
    7.3 To reduce a sickle cell crises, the following precautions need to be taken:
    • To prevent oxygen loss, avoid:
      • Demanding physical activity (especially if the spleen is enlarged)
      • Emotional stress
      • Environments with low oxygen (high altitudes, nonpressurized airplane flights)
      • Smoking
      • Known sources of infection
    • Ensure sufficient fluid intake:
      • Avoid too much exposure to the sun;
      • Have fluids on hand, both at home and away, and
      • Recognize signs of dehydration.
    • To avoid infection:
      • Consider having the child wear a Medic Alert bracelet;
      • Have the child vaccinated as recommended by the health care provider, and
      • Share the above information with teachers and other caretakers, when necessary.
    Be aware of the effects that chronic, life-threatening illnesses can have on siblings, marriages, parents, and the child.
    8. References
    Brawley OW, Cornelius LJ, Edwards LR, Gamble VN, Green BL, and Inturrisi C. 2008. National Institutes of Health consensus development conference statement: hydroxyurea treatment for sickle cell disease. Ann Intern Med. 148: 932-938.
    Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary. 1988. 28th ed. WB Saunders Company, p74.
    Geller AK, and O'Connor MK. 2008. The sickle cell crisis: a dilemma in pain relief. Mayo Clin Proc. 8; 83: 320-323.
    Hebbel RP. 2008. Pathobiology of sickle cell disease. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ, and Shattil SS, eds. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; chapter 42.
    Lee MT, Piomelli S, and Granger Sl. 2006. Stroke prevention trial in sickle cell anemia (STOP): extended follow-up and final results. Blood. 108: 847-852.
    Marieb EN. 1998. Human anatomy and physiololgy. Fourth ed. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. 635-636.
    Nolte H. 2001. The effect of CellfoodÒ on exercise performance. MA dissertation, University of Pretoria.
    Saunthararajah Y, Vichinsky EP, and Embury SH. 2008. Sickle cell disease. Clinical features and management. In: Hoffman R, Benz Jr. EJ, Shattil SS, eds. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Churchill Livingston; chapter 43.
    U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. 2007. Screening for Sickle Cell Disease in Newborns: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. Sep 2007: AHRQ Publication No. 07-05104-EF-2.
Bone, joint and muscle disorders
Lung and Airway disorders
Digestive disorders
Heart and Blood vessel disorders
In a clinical trial on athletes at the University of Pretoria 35 drops of Cellfood® increased the oxygen uptake by 5%, and normalized all haematological (blood) values, amongst others.
Our products, in addition to and in conjunction with other medical treatments, can be of great benefit to one’s health.
  • Cardiovascular disease
    According to the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Southern Africa about 130 heart attacks and 240 strokes occur daily. Smoking doubles the risk of having a stroke and increases the risk of a heart attack by two to three times. Cardiovascular disease (CVD - disease of the heart and blood vessels) claims more lives than the subsequent six causes of death combined.
    CVD is seen as having multiple causes, including:
    • Nutritional deficiencies and/or excess of anti-nutrients (sugar, processed foods, saturated fat, etc.)
    • Excess production of free radicals
    • Excess stress resulting in an overproduction of the stress hormones (adrenalin, noradrenalin, cortisol)
    • The release of inflammatory cells (cytokines) in response to aIl of the above
    Risk factors for CVD include factors that can not be changed (i.e. age, genetics and gender) and those that can be changed/controlled by lifestyle.
    • Chronic degenerative diseases like obesity, stroke, heart disease, diabetes and some cancers are also considered by experts as risk factors for CVD.
    Factors that can be changed/controlled by lifestyle
    The success of lifestyle management programmes is definitely more successful when initiated before the onset of the disease.
    1.         Diet
    One of the most successful lifestyle modifications for the prevention/management of CVD is dietary modification.
    • People are advised to eat small meals more regularly and reduce animal protein intake.
    • Dieticians suggest people remove, or at least reduce saturated/hydrogenated fats from the diet, and avoid excess sugar and caffeine intake.
    • They further encourage people to increase the consumption of plant protein (nuts, seeds, legumes, and beans), vegetables, fruit, and whole grains, avoiding processed and fast foods as far as possible.
    Taking nutritional supplements could also be of benefit. Nutrients that could be helpful for heart disease include:
    • Co-enzyme Q10 - one of the most important nutrients for heart muscle functions; increases oxygenation of heart tissue. Has been shown to prevent recurrences in individuals who had a heart attack
    • L-carnitine - essential nutrient allowing the mitochondria of the heart cells to produce energy more effectively. Reduces fat and triglyceride levels in the blood
    • Magnesium - relaxes smooth muscle (is a vasodilator) and decreases the risk of irregular heart beat
    • Potassium – needed for electrolyte balance, especially if taking cortisone or blood pressure medication
    • Copper - deficiency has been linked with heart disease
    • Selenium - deficiency has been linked with heart disease
    • Vitamin E - a good antioxidant that also decreases platelet adhesiveness and aggregation
    • Vitamin C - an antioxidant which is important for the integrity of the cardiovascular system
    • Omega 3/fish oils - useful in the prevention of coronary heart disease (helps prevent the hardening of the arteries)
    • Flavonoids - decrease capillary fragility, improve the tone of vascular smooth muscles, decrease the incidence of ventricular tachycardia, and have an antioxidant effect on the heart
    • The amino acid L -arginine - a precursor in the production of nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator in the vascular system. It also has a protective effect on endothelium
    • Vitamins B6, B12 and folic acid - inversely associated with levels of homocysteine, which is an important risk factor for heart disease
    • Citrin K (an extract from Garcinia cambogia) - inhibits the synthesis of fatty acids in the liver, thus helping to prevent the accumulation of potentially dangerous fats 
    2.         Smoking
    Tobacco smoke contains thousands of chemical constituents, amongst others, nicotine and carbon monoxide.
    • At doses normally ingested by smokers, nicotine acts as a stimulant on the central nervous system – adrenaline production increases, raising the blood pressure and heart rate
    • Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin, interfering with the transport of oxygen throughout the body
    • It also promotes the development of cholesterol deposits on artery walls
    • These two factors increase the risk of heart attack and stroke
    3.         Exercise
    Research indicates that 30 minutes of moderate aerobic exercise (jogging, cycling, walking or swimming) three to four times a week is sufficient to assist the cardiovascular system and to help manage weight.
    • To optimise the health benefits of an exercise regime, training should however be maintained indefinitely
    • Free radicals increase in the body during stress and exercise. They cause oxidative stress to the body and may contribute to more than sixty health conditions, including atherosclerosis and heart disease
    • Fortunately the body has antioxidant enzymes, and the diet and supplements containing antioxidants assist the body in supporting the immune and cardiovascular systems, amongst others
    4.         Weight management
    Overweight and obesity are associated with a number of disabling and potentially fatal conditions and diseases (such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes).
    • A healthy body weight is an important part of wellness - but short-term dieting is not part of a fit and well lifestyle
    • Maintaining a healthy body weight requires a lifelong commitment to regular exercise, a healthy diet, and effective stress management
    5.         Rest and relaxation
    People in general need between seven and eight hours of uninterrupted sleep a night. A stress management programme can assist those not getting sufficient rest.
    Cellfood® Sport/Shape
    In a clinical trial on athletes at the University of Pretoria 20 drops of Cellfood® Sport/Shape:
    • Increased the oxygen uptake by up to 6.2%
    • Increased energy delivery to muscles (haemoglobin oxygen saturation increased up to 9.6%)
    • Delayed onset of fatigue and reduced muscular cramps and recovery time (Lactic acid accumulation decreased up to 17.2%)
    Cellfood® Sport/Shape contains Cellfood®, Citrin K and L-carnitine
    • Citrin K - inhibits the synthesis of fatty acids in the liver, thus helping to prevent the accumulation of potentially dangerous fats
    • L-carnitine - essential nutrient allowing the mitochondria of the heart cells to produce energy more effectively. Reduces fat and triglyceride levels in the blood
    Cellfood® Longevity
    • Vitamins B6, B12 and folic acid - inversely associated with levels of homocysteine, which is an important risk factor for heart disease
    Conclusion
    The world of the new millennium is the world of the individual - people expect to get more out of life and improve their quality of life.
    • Most conditions being treated by medicines are preventable - chronic degenerative diseases like heart disease and stroke, are clearly linked to the diet and lifestyle.
    • People with cardiovascular disease could benefit from using Cellfood® and the Cellfood® family
  • Stroke
    What is a stroke?
    A stroke occurs when blood is unable to circulate through the brain. When brain cells are deprived of oxygen and nutrients, they begin to die. Stroke is a serious, life-threatening situation that must be treated promptly to avoid permanent disability.
    • Stroke is a major killer, the third biggest in the western world
    • Stroke is a major cause of adult disability; until the age of 74, males are 1.25 -1.5 times more likely to have a stroke than females. After this age the incidence rates equalise
    • Women have increased lifetime stroke risk and more disabling strokes compared to men.
    Stroke is a serious condition for which medical advice should immediately be sought. Irrespective of what medical treatment is instituted, there is much that the patient can do nutritionally to assist in recovery and prevent recurrence.
    Overview of the pathophysiology
    During a stroke, the lack of blood flow to the brain causes primary neuronal cell death. This causes neurological impairments that are dependent on the size and location of the lesion, as well as the speed with which the lesion occurs.
    • The majority (87%) of strokes are ischemic - because of a thrombosis (thrombotic stroke - clot forms inside a blocked vessel in the brain) or embolism (embolic stroke - clot forms elsewhere in the body and travels to the brain until it gets lodged in a narrow artery)
    • In the region of 10% are caused by a haemorrhage of a blood vessel in the brain (haemorrhagic stroke). A haemorrhagic stroke occurs when a vessel in the brain ruptures and causes leakage of blood into the brain and cerebrospinal fluid
    • Atherosclerosis is the most common underlying cause of ischemic stroke
    • During an ischemic stroke, the ischemic cascade occurs as diminished blood flow to the brain starts a series of biochemical reactions that can result in additional delayed damage to brain cells
    • If medical intervention is received quickly after the first warning signs of a stroke, the chances for the occurrence of the ischemic cascade process are lowered, and the risk for irreversible complications is reduced.
    Risk factors
    The classical risk factors are high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol and other atherosclerotic risk factors, such as homocysteine - especially in the case of male stroke victims. Predisposing risk factors for ischemic stroke include hypertension, abnormal blood lipids, cigarette smoking, physical inactivity, obesity and diabetes mellitus.
    This highlights the prominent role lifestyle plays in the origin of stroke.
    • Non-modifiable risk factors include age, race, gender, and family history
    • Modifiable risk factors for a stroke that are well documented include previous transient ischemic attack, atrial fibrillation, carotid artery disease, CAD (coronary artery disease), hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, obesity and Sickle cell disease.
    One of the strongest predictors of a stroke is transient ischemic attacks (TIA). This is often called “mini” strokes.
    • TIA’s are brief episodes of neurological dysfunction resulting from focal cerebral ischemia and it is not associated with permanent cerebral infarction
    • TIA’s offers an opportunity to initiate treatment that can delay or prevent the onset of permanently disabling injury.
    Prevention and treatment
    The critical factor in successful treatment of stroke is reaching medical assistance rapidly; the faster the diagnosis and treatment commences, the better the chance for a full recovery.
    • In the case of ischaemic strokes, the blockage must be removed from the blood vessel involved
    • A clot-dissolving drug can quickly dissolve the blockage and allow the circulation to be restored, but it must be used within three hours of the beginning of stroke symptoms, and there are risks to this therapy
    • In some cases of ischaemic stroke, surgery to remove the blockages in an artery is a better treatment than clot-dissolving medication. In strokes caused by bleeding blood vessels, surgery may be used to treat bleeding or prevent future bleeding.
    In addition to aspirin, the classical medical approach is based on anticoagulants, antiplatelet drugs (like aspirin,) antihypertensives, diuretics and, in emergencies, surgery. All of these drugs have side effects, some of which are serious. This is a matter of concern, since they have to be used over lengthy periods of time. While these drugs may be useful in the short term, it is not wise to rely on them for the long-term management and prevention of the disease.
    Modification of multiple risk factors through a combination of comprehensive lifestyle interventions and appropriate pharmacological therapy is seen as the cornerstone of initiatives aimed at the prevention of recurrent stroke and acute cardiac events in stroke survivors.
    • Strokes can be prevented by reducing a person's risk with healthy lifestyle changes and by seeking treatment after TIAs
    • Lifestyle changes include cessation of cigarette smoking, lowering cholesterol and homocysteine levels and maintaining a healthy weight through diet and exercise
    • Once a patient has suffered a stroke, anti-platelet medications that cut down on blood clotting can be used to prevent future clots
    • Some stroke patients with cardiac disease will require treatment with blood thinners to reduce their risk of future strokes.
    Food and nutritional supplements containing garlic, onion, calcium, evening primrose oil, lecithin, kelp, Gingko biloba, bioflavonoids, antioxidants such as vitamin E and C (to strengthen artery walls and reduce cadmium levels) and omega-3 acids can be of assistance in thinning the blood (reduce blood clotting).
    Cellfood® Sport/Shape contains Cellfood®, Citrin K and L-carnitine
    • Citrin K - inhibits the synthesis of fatty acids in the liver, thus helping to prevent the accumulation of potentially dangerous fats
    • L-carnitine - essential nutrient allowing the mitochondria of the heart cells to produce energy more effectively. Reduces fat and triglyceride levels in the blood.
    Cellfood® Longevity
    • Vitamins B6, B12 and folic acid as contained in this supplement is inversely associated with levels of homocysteine, which is an important risk factor for heart disease and stroke.
    In a clinical trial conducted at the ISR (University of Pretoria) in 2009 researchers studied the effect of Cellfood® Longevity in reducing homocysteine levels. Some of the findings were:
    • A statistically significant increase in serum folate (demonstrating superior bioavailability of the supplement)
    • Statistically significant reduction in homocysteine (15%)
    • No change in urate levels (not going to induce gout)
    • Reducing homocysteine will not only benefit stroke victims, but also other patients suffering from other chronic conditions.
    Conclusion
    The world of the new millennium is the world of the individual - people expect to get more out of life and improve their quality of life.
    • Most conditions being treated by medicines are preventable - chronic degenerative diseases like heart disease and stroke, are clearly linked to the diet and lifestyle
    • People who survived a stroke could benefit from using Cellfood® and the Cellfood® family. These supplements could also assist in preventing stroke in the first place.
Other disorders
In a clinical trial on athletes at the University of Pretoria 35 drops of Cellfood® increased the oxygen uptake by 5%, and normalized all haematological (blood) values, amongst others.
Our products, in addition to and in conjunction with other medical treatments, can be of great benefit to one’s health.
  • Substance Abuse
    Introduction
    Addiction is when the body becomes so accustomed to the presence of a foreign substance that it can no longer function properly if the substance is withdrawn. Individuals who are addicted to substances (drugs) can end up centering their lives on avoiding the pain of withdrawal – that is, on assuring a continuing supply of the substance of abuse.
    • Research reveals detectible levels of human-manufactured toxins in all individuals.
    • Accumulations of chemicals in body tissues are increasingly associated with patterns of adverse health including suppressed or inappropriate/hyperreactive immune function (autoimmunity, asthma, and allergies), cognitive deficits, cancers, mood changes, neurological illnesses, changes in libido, reproductive dysfunction, and glucose dysregulation.
    Why are these substances so harmful?
    Complicating the phenomenon of addiction is the problem of drug tolerance.
    • With prolonged substance use, the human body often ends up needing more and more of the substance to produce the desired effects and to prevent withdrawal symptoms.
    • Addiction usually has a powerful psychological as well as a physical component.
    • While psychological dependence does not lead to physical withdrawal symptoms after the drug is discontinued, it does result in deep cravings that may persist long after any physical addiction has been overcome.
    Research is mounting that the long-term effects of drug consumption are greater than has been assumed.
    • It is not simply the case that these effects occur during active drug use, but rather that these effects continue after discontinuation of drug use.
    • It may require a much longer period for drugs or their metabolites to be fully cleared from the body than previously supposed, with consequent residual physical and psychological effects.
    Both the biological activity of a compound and its physiologic disposition (ultimate fate) are largely determined by its chemical properties in relation to extant biological structures and processes.
    • Barring specific transport mechanisms, the distribution patterns and speed with which chemicals diffuse into various tissues are largely driven by lipophilicity - the thermodynamic tendency of a compound to dissolve into lipid-rich spaces.
    • With certain exceptions (e.g., insulin), drugs tend to be very lipophilic and to have a large distribution volume.
    • They tend to deposit in various tissues in the following order: lung, fat, heart, kidney, brain, gut, muscle and bone, preferentially accumulating in lysosomes.
    Adipose tissue is a very intricate organ and not merely involved in storing excess calories and "unwanted" compounds.
    • Recent research reveals that hormones released by adipose tissue regulate many bodily functions including emotional state, energy level and body metabolism, hunger and cravings, inflammatory response, and also modulate immune function.
    • Symptoms associated with disruption of these systems are common in those exposed to environmental chemicals and also in substance abusers.
    There are many mechanisms by which retention of chemicals/drugs in the body can negatively impact health.
    Chemical-communication mimetics
    Many drugs and toxins mimic substances naturally found in the body and may directly affect normal trans-cellular chemical communication by hormones and cytokines.
    • Structural mimetics often cause effects quite dissimilar or even opposite to those of the endogenous substance (for example blockage of a receptor normally accessible to a hormone).
    • This may occur locally within a tissue (paracrinely), or endocrinely as drugs/toxins are released from body tissues back into circulation.
    • Further, circulating drugs and toxins may occupy sites on plasma transport proteins thereby subtly interfering with the equilibria kinetics that govern plasma transport of nutrients and hormones, for example.
    Genetic/metabolic disruption
    Retention of toxins in key organs may directly impair organ health and function by a number of intracellular mechanisms, including:
    • disruption of the sophisticated networks that regulate situational gene expression, or
    • the delicate feedbacks by which the intermediates and products of constitutive metabolic chains regulate the activity of key metabolic enzymes.
    Nutrient deficiency
    Eliminating toxins requires certain endogenous substances to assist in the detox process.
    • Nutrients used during metabolic processes of detoxification are concomitantly or subsequently not available for other metabolic processes, thus creating local deficiencies.
    • Chronic exposure may result in systemic deficiencies of many essential nutrients.
    Nutrients that can help during recovery from drug addiction
    A person can be addicted to substances other than illegal drugs.
    • Many are addicted to caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, sugar, and even certain foods. Although these addictions may not pose as great a health risk, withdrawal may still be painful and difficult. People using these substances may also be more susceptible to illness and disease because these addictive substances deplete the body of needed nutrients.
    • Many drug users suffer from malnutrition. Because drugs rob the body of essential nutrients, those addicted need to take high doses of nutritional supplements. In many cases there might be a deficiency of oxygen, hydrogen, minerals, enzymes or even amino acids (building blocks of protein and neurotransmitters).
    Nutrients of importance for a person recovery from drug abuse are:
    • All the vitamin B’s including vitamin B12 and vitamin B5. These are needed when under stress to assist in the rebuilding of the liver and adrenal glands and are important for brain function.
    • Vitamin C – detoxifies and lessens the cravings for drugs.
    • Multivitamin/mineral complex – all nutrients are needed in high amounts.
    • Calcium and magnesium – nourishes the central nervous system and helps control tremors.
    • Amino acids including L-glutamine, L-phenylalanine, and L-tyrosine. Supply needed protein and passes the blood-brain barrier to promote healthy mental functioning.
    • Glutathione – aids in detoxifying drugs to reduce their harmful effects. Also reduces the desire for drugs and alcohol.
    Cellfood®
    In a clinical trial on athletes at the University of Pretoria 35 drops of Cellfood® increased the oxygen uptake by 5%, and normalized all haematological (blood) values, amongst others.
  • Brain, spinal cord and nerve disorders
    Introduction
    Dementia is the fourth leading cause of death in those over sixty, while Alzheimer's disease (AD) alone kills 100,000 people per year in the United States. However, AD does not affect elderly people only, but may strike when a person is in his or her forties.
    Once considered a psychological phenomenon, AD is now known to be a degenerative disorder that is characterized by a specific set of physiological changes in the brain. Nerve fibers surrounding the hippocampus, the brain's memory center, become tangled, and information is no longer carried properly to or from the brain. New memories cannot be formed, and memories formed earlier cannot be retrieved. Characteristic plaques accumulate in the brain as well. These plaques are composed largely of a protein-containing substance called beta-amyloid. Scientists believe that the plaques build up in and damage nerve cells (Balch and Balch, 1997).
    Alzheimer’s disease and oxidative stress
    AD and vascular dementia are the two most common types of dementia with the former being the most predominant. It is evident that oxidative stress, an environment where pro-oxidant (free radicals) species overwhelm antioxidant species, is involved in the pathogenesis of both forms of dementia. An increased level of reactive oxygen species in the vasculature, reduced nitric oxide bioavailability, and endothelial dysfunction leading to vascular disease is associated with vascular dementia. In AD, an increased amount of amyloid-beta peptide induces elevated reactive oxygen species production thereby causing neuronal cell death and damage.
    Other disorders can cause symptoms similar to those of AD. Dementia may result from arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) and high levels of homocysteine that slowly cuts off the supply of blood to the brain. The death of brain tissue from a series of minor strokes, or from pressure exerted by an accumulation of fluid in the brain, may also cause dementia.
    There is no known cure for AD and dementia; there are however certain medication which offer some encouragement in that they slow the progression of the disease. Alternative medicine, a good healthy lifestyle and exercise also offer some benefit. The medical approach to dementia should include an assessment of the aspects of life style somewhat unique to the elderly. Therefore, one should consider the following as possible contributory causes of dementia: oxidative stress, lack of exercise, poor diet, nutritional deficiencies, cardiovascular disease, and the need for nutritional supplements.
    Alzheimer’s disease and nutritional supplements
    Numerous research studies have shown certain antioxidant supplements to be of benefit in reducing the risk of AD. The most commonly recommended is folic acid at a dosage of 2.5 to 10 mg per day. The herb ginkgo biloba is also commonly used and is a good antioxidant for the brain and entire body. Other supplements including vitamins B12, B6, C, E, zinc, beta-carotene and phosphatidyl choline are also beneficial.
    Since most dementia patients are elderly, there probably isn't too much we can do to realistically alter the lifestyle. However, there is one thing, albeit it controversial, that should be addressed. That is the matter of aluminum which has been shown in some studies to be a causative factor in Alzheimer's disease. The main sources of aluminum in our environment are cookware, cigarette filters, and antiperspirants. These sources of aluminum should definitely be eliminated from the environment. If there has been excessive exposure to aluminum in the patient's life, it would be a good idea to have a hair analysis for toxic metals.
    The second concern for most senior citizens is good nutrition. The Center for Disease Control says we all should eat 5 servings of fruits and vegetables, preferably raw, a day. Very few of us do that, let alone seniors. Fruits and vegetables are nature's source of antioxidants - our antioxidant status deteriorates with age and the need is compounded in patents with Alzheimer's.
    Cellfood®
    In a clinical trial on athletes at the University of Pretoria (2001) 35 drops of Cellfood® increased the oxygen uptake by 5%, and the ferritin levels by 31%, amongst others.
    • An oxygen mineral supplement like Cellfood® is rapidly absorbed by the body, assists with oxygenation and increases the oxygen saturation in the blood;
    • The increased ferritin levels can assist with the production of more red blood cells that are needed to transport oxygen to the different organs (including the brain) and cells;
    • Cellfood® is a powerful antioxidant that assists the immune system; it also assists the body in producing glutathione, a powerful antioxidant that will help negate the negative effects of free radicals, and
    • It provides essential nutrients including amino acids directly at cellular level.
    In 2011 Benedetti and co-workers investigated the antioxidant properties of Cellfood® in vitro in different model systems:
    • Three pathophysiologically relevant oxidants were chosen to evaluate Cellfood’s protection against oxidative stress: hydrogen peroxide, peroxyl radicals and hypochlorous acid;
    • Both biomolecules (GSH and plasmidDNA) and circulating cells (erythrocytes and lymphocytes) were used as targets of oxidation;
    • Cellfood® protected, in a dose-dependent manner, both GSH and DNA from oxidation by preserving reduced GSH thiol groups and supercoiled DNA integrity, respectively;
    • At the same time, Cellfood® protected erythrocytes from oxidative damage by reducing cell lysis and GSH intracellular depletion after exposure to the oxidant agents;
    • In lymphocytes. Cellfood® reduced the intracellular oxidative stress inducedby the three oxidants in a dose-dependent manner; and
    • The overall in vitro protection of biomolecules and cells against free radical attacks suggests that Cellfood® might be a valuable coadjuvant in the prevention and treatment of various physiological and pathological conditions related to oxidative stress, from aging to atherosclerosis, from neurodegeneration to cancer.
    Vitamin and mineral supplementation and homocysteine
    The correlation between homocysteine, an intermediate in methionine metabolism, and vascular disease has recently become a popular topic and the possibility that elevated homocysteine levels might contribute to the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke, has been investigated to a large extent.
    For efficient homocysteine metabolism, an adequate supply of vitamin B12, vitamin B6, folic acid, zinc and trimethylglycine (betaine) is required.
    From scientific research it is clear that the vitamin and mineral status is an important determinant of circulating homocysteine levels. Kruger and co-worker (2009) for example studied the efficacy of Cellfood Longevity (containing all the co-factors for effective homocysteine metabolism) on physical performance and selected markers of health status in males.
    Twenty healthy sedentary volunteers between the ages of 30 and 60 years with a homocysteine level higher than 10 mmol/l were included in the study. Some of the findings were as follow:
    • Statistically significant increase in serum folate (proving the bio-availability of the liquid supplement)
    • Statistically significant reduction in homocysteine (15%)
    • No change in urate levels (will not cause gout)
    References
    Balch J.F. and Balch P.A. 1997. Prescription for nutritional healing. Avery Publishing Group.
    Benedetti S., Catalani S., Palma F., and Canestrari F. 2011. The antioxidant protection of CellfoodÒ against oxidative damage in vitro. Food and Chemical Toxicology 49: 2292-2298.
    Kruger P.E., Wood P.S., Grant R. and Clark J. 2009. Efficacy of NCODE (Cellfood Longevity) on physical performance and selected markers of health status in males. Research report, Institute for Sports Research, University of Pretoria.
  • Liver and gall bladder disorders
    The liver and quality of life
    "The ability to detoxify is a major determinant of a person's health" – Murray and Pizzorno
    Introduction
    The impact of environmental pollution and food additives on health has dominated the news for many years. Less well noted, though equally important, is the role of the liver and its ability to safely detoxify externally and internally produced ‘toxins’.
    The liver is the largest internal organ in the body (a normal liver weighs about 1.1 kg) and is located in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity. It is responsible for cleansing endogenous (internally produced) and exogenous (externally derived) toxins from the body. To do this, the liver transforms fat-soluble chemicals into water-soluble compounds so the body doesn't store them in fat but instead releases them via the kidneys and bowels. The liver also provides energy and nutrients when it metabolizes proteins, fats and carbohydrates. It further processes blood hemoglobin for use of its iron content, stores vitamins and minerals, breaks down and eliminates excess hormones, and produces bile, a yellow-green fluid which is stored in the gallbladder for secretion into the intestine to emulsify fats.
    Liver functions
    The liver filters up to two liters of blood every minute and manufactures almost one liter of bile a day. Unlike any other organ, the liver has a dual blood supply. The hepatic artery brings freshly oxygenated blood from the heart while the portal vein brings nutrient-laden blood from the stomach and intestines. Filtering the blood from the intestines is critical to human health (this blood contains bacteria, bacterial by-products called endotoxins, immune antigen-antibody complexes and other toxic substances).
    One of the liver's primary functions is to detoxify substances that cause damage to the body's tissues, cells and DNA. The daily accumulation of metabolic by-products, environmental pollutants, pharmaceutical drug residues and chemicals in processed foods can result in toxicity within our bodies. Exposure to some chemicals can have serious health consequences including psychological and neurological damage. Symptoms manifest in a variety of ways and may include depression, headaches, mental confusion, abnormal nerve reflexes or other signs of impaired nervous system function, as well as higher incidence of cancers and respiratory tract allergies.
    In addition, some substances can inhibit the liver's detoxification abilities. For example, cimetidine, an ulcer medication, limits the liver's ability to detoxify foreign substances, potentially resulting in a build-up of toxic compounds in the liver. Inefficient detoxification is suspected to play a role in many diseases and can lead to toxic reactions such as inflammation, arthritis and skin disorders. It may also play an important role in difficult-to-treat illnesses such as chronic fatigue syndrome.
    Maintaining good liver function is important for everyone, but it is especially important for those who live in heavily polluted environments, or whose job involves applying paints, solvents or toxic chemicals, including pesticides and herbicides. People, who regularly consume alcohol, prescription or non-prescription drugs, are also well advised to take extra antioxidant nutrients and herbs to stimulate detoxification of these drugs. Heavy use of Tylenol (acetaminophen), which destroys the important antioxidant glutathione, also causes liver damage, especially when combined with alcohol intake.
    Fortunately, the liver has a remarkable ability to restore itself. The best way to promote good liver health is through a healthy diet and natural detoxification supplements such as herbs and nutrients (such as contained in Cellfood®) that can stimulate internal cleansing.
    The liver detoxification process
    The liver detoxifies substances in two steps. Phase I reactions are primarily performed by a group of enzymes called the P450 system. These enzymes have affinities for different drugs, chemicals and other toxins. In addition, they are responsible for starting the process of detoxifying substances such as car exhaust fumes, medications and internally derived molecules including steroid hormones and other end products of metabolism that would be toxic if allowed to accumulate.
    Phase I reactions sometimes produce highly reactive intermediates that are more dangerous than the original compounds. These intermediates are then handled by the Phase II enzymes. In Phase II, reactive intermediates as well as primary toxic compounds are converted to harmless waste products that are excreted via the urine or bile, which then bind with digested food in the intestine to form stool. Sluggish Phase I or Phase II function can result in the build-up of toxic intermediate products.
    Another source of potential harm comes from the process of detoxification itself. As toxins are transformed during Phase I and Phase II reactions, harmful free radicals are generated. These oxidants must be neutralized to prevent damage to cells and tissues and doing so requires an adequate supply of antioxidants.
    The liver's most important antioxidant is glutathione, an amino acid complex made from cysteine, glutamic acid and glycine. Dietary sources of glutathione include fresh fruits and vegetables, cooked fish, meat, onions and garlic.
    Additional antioxidant support for the liver comes from the carotenoids, vitamin C, vitamin E, coenzyme Q10 and the minerals selenium, zinc, copper and manganese. Glutathione intake needs to be accompanied by adequate zinc and copper intake for optimal absorption.
    When the liver works properly, detoxification occurs effectively, and the human body can tolerate a wide range of substances without any noticeable side effects. However, when the body is exposed to toxic substances that are difficult to neutralize (such as many forms of pesticides), or if the liver isn't working optimally, toxicity and disease can occur.
    The liver can fail to function optimally when an imbalance between Phase I and Phase II reactions occurs. The Phase I, P450 enzymes are especially susceptible to down-regulation due to a shortage of critically required antioxidants and other nutrients. In addition, Phase I detoxification enzymes are less active in old age. As the elderly also commonly rely on more medications, they are particularly well advised to eat more foods rich in liver-protective nutrients (like cabbage, broccoli and brussels sprouts – contain indole-3-carbinol; oranges, tangerines and dill – contain limonene; nutritional yeast and whole grains – source of the B vitamins; melons, peppers, tomatoes and fresh fruits – source of vitamin C; and turmeric – contains curcumin).
    In contrast to Phase I reactions, which are a family of enzymes, Phase II reactions are distinct reactions in which biotransformed molecules are conjugated via six distinct mechanisms. The liver uses several amino acids including glutamine, ornithine and arginine, but primarily glutathione and glycine, to conjugate (bind to and carry away) and neutralize various chemicals. It also conjugates chemicals though the processes of methylation, sulfation, acetylation and glucuronidation. Phase II sulfoxidation relies on the enzyme sulfite oxidase to metabolize sulfites to safer sulfates. Sulfites are commonly used as preservatives in wine and on salad bar vegetables. Interestingly, compromised sulfoxidation may result from low dietary intake of molybdenum, a trace mineral co-factor required by sulfite oxidase. As with other trace minerals, many South Africans do not consume adequate amounts of molybdenum, sources of which include legumes, whole-grain cereals, milk, kidney, liver, and dark-green leafy vegetables. It is speculated that supplementation with molybdenum may help those with sulfite sensitivities.
    Influencing liver detoxification
    To combat the harmful effects of pollutants, poor diet, excess consumption of alcohol, artificial food additives, pesticide and hormone residues in food, not to mention everyday stress, promoting liver health is essential. The first steps to improving liver function are always to live in the healthiest environment possible and to be sure to take time to get outdoors and breathe fresh air while doing moderate exercise.
    Foods high in fiber are of particular importance and should form the cornerstone of every health-promoting diet. Bile serves as a carrier for many toxic substances that are excreted from the body. In the intestine, fiber binds bile and helps to safely speed transit of stool. Low-fiber diets have been implicated in cancer and other diseases, in part because decreased transit time results in increased exposure of bile and its potentially carcinogenic substances to the intestinal walls. This can allow for reabsorption of toxins in the bile that are not well bound.
    Certain foods contain nutrients that are especially helpful to liver health. Like every other part of the body, the liver relies on a healthy diet to supply it with the nutrients it needs to function properly. Foods and herbs can speed up (up regulate) or slow down (downregulate) liver detoxification enzymes.
    The following gives an overview of some of the vitamins and minerals required for the optimal function of the detoxification pathway:
    • Molybdenum: required during phase I; found in beans and other pulses
    • Manganese: essential for the enzyme superoxide dismutase, which removes oxygen free radicals
    • Magnesium: necessary for glutathione synthesis required for phase II conjugation
    • Zinc: necessary for formation of new cells (gene repair)
    • Selenium: essential for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, required for the removal of peroxides (oxygen radicals)
    • Beta-carotene: partly converted into vitamin A in the body, when required. Otherwise a powerful antioxidant that helps to protect membranes
    • Thiamine (B1): necessary for energy production and regeneration of glutathione in phase II
    • Riboflavin (B2): for regeneration of active glutathione
    • Vitamin B6: for the production of glutathione (phase II)
    • Vitamin C: a general free radical scavenger
    • Vitamin E: intercepts and scavenges free radicals that would otherwise damage cell membranes; cooperates with vitamin C and selenium in this regard
    What is internal cleansing?
    Internal cleansing encompasses a variety of methods to rid the body of accumulated irritants, waste products and toxins, while restoring intestinal and organ health. For centuries, cleansing techniques ranging from short fasts and sweat lodges to hydrotherapy treatments and enemas have been used by various cultures.
    While it is true that the body and the liver in particular, are extremely proficient in handling most foods and prescription and non-prescription drugs, it can lose its ability to safely and effectively defuse all incoming substances. When this occurs, various problems can result, and some are less obvious in their primary cause than others. Chronic fatigue syndrome, chronic allergies, obesity, headaches, fatigue and irritable bowel syndrome have all been associated, in part, with a compromised liver function.
    Liver cleansing regimes typically emphasize consuming simple diets rich in fresh fruits and vegetables (naturally rich sources of the antioxidant vitamins and minerals used as liver enzyme co-factors) and free of animal foods, processed foods, and artificial food additives, preservatives or colorings. For further assistance, natural detoxification supplements such as herbs and nutrients (such as contained in Cellfood® and Cellfood® Longevity) can help stimulate internal cleansing.
    Cellfood® and Cellfood® Longevity
    The value of nutritional supplements
    Although supplements won’t cure the disease, they do have value in alleviating some of the symptoms. An oxygen mineral supplement like Cellfood® could help in supplying oxygen to the oxygen-deprived cells. In a clinical trial on athletes at the University of Pretoria (Nolte, 2001), 35 drops of Cellfood® increased the oxygen uptake by 5%, and the ferritin levels by 31%, amongst others.
    • Oxygen is one of the important elements for aerobic life as we know it and is essential for energizing and cleansing the body.
    • The increased ferritin levels can assist with the production of more red blood cells that are needed to transport oxygen to the different organs and cells.
    Cellfood® Longevity reduces the elevated toxic levels of homocysteine by supplying the body with all needed DNA regenerating nucleic acids, co-factors and the B-group of vitamins. Homocysteine is a risk factor for many chronic diseases including stroke, cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
    References
    Albrecht F.A. 1999. Supporting liver health through nutrition. Food-based Nutrition Track.
    Pizzorno J.E. and Murray M.T. 2000. Textbook of Natural Medicine. 2nd edition. Churchill Livingstone.
    The Merck Manual of Medical Information. 2004. 2nd edition. Pocket books.
  • Kidney and urinary tract disorders
    Kidney disease, what should you know?
    What is kidney disease?
    Diseases of the kidneys range from mild infection to life-threatening kidney failure. The kidneys may be damaged by exposure to certain toxins or drugs, including heavy metals, solvents, chemotherapy agents, insect or snake venom, poisonous mushrooms, and certain pesticides. Impaired kidney function can also accompany or result from many other disorders including diabetes, hypertension, lupus, and liver disease
    It is estimated that 10% of people worldwide have chronic kidney disease. In South Africa the annual incidence of end stage renal failure is roughly estimated to be 200-400 patients per 1 million of the population. This translates to 2 to 4 people out of 10 000 of the population that will go into kidney failure every year. In SA this means that up to about 19 000 people will experience kidney failure and these are the people that would need dialysis with the hope of finding a suitable donor for a kidney transplant (National Kidney Association of South Africa).
    Prevention and treatment
    Paramount to good care of the kidneys is reducing the toxic load they have to deal with, especially proteins and chemical contaminants which can build up in the kidneys, slowing their function, increasing acidity and raising blood pressure.
    • Consider lightening the diet - instead of eating meat every day, try going vegetarian for a day or so a week. A vegetable/fruit-based diet allows the body system to alkalinize via the kidneys, lowering blood pressure, and contributing to a sense of well-being.
    • Drink enough water so that the urine is a light color of yellow.
    • The regular use of a kidney cleansing and rebuilding formula (such as Cellfood and Cellfood Longevity) is now mandatory considering the stresses we put our kidneys under thanks to our lifestyles.
    Cellfood®
    The value of nutritional supplements
    Although supplements won’t cure the disease, they do have value in alleviating some of the symptoms. An oxygen mineral supplement like Cellfood® could help in supplying oxygen to the oxygen-deprived cells. In a clinical trial on athletes at the University of Pretoria (Nolte, 2001), 35 drops of Cellfood® increased the oxygen uptake by 5%, and the ferritin levels by 31%, amongst others.
    • Oxygen is one of the important elements for aerobic life as we know it and is essential for energizing and cleansing the body.
    • The increased ferritin levels can assist with the production of more red blood cells that are needed to transport oxygen to the different organs and cells.
    Cellfood® Longevity
    Vitamins B6, B12 and folic acid as contained in this supplement are inversely associated with levels of homocysteine, which is an important risk factor for heart disease, stroke, and diabetes (leading to kidney problems). Longevity will also assist with DNA and tissue repair.
  • Skin disorders, including pre-mature aging
    Introduction
    Dermatitis is an inflammation of the skin that produces scaling, flaking, thickening, colour changes, and, often, itching. Many cases of dermatitis are as a result of allergies. This type of condition is called allergic or contact dermatitis. It may be caused by contact with perfumes, cosmetics, rubber, medicated creams and ointments, plants such as poison ivy, and/or metals or metal alloys such as gold, silver, and nickel found in jewellery or zippers. Some people with dermatitis are sensitive to sunlight. Whatever the irritant, if the skin remains in constant contact with it, the dermatitis is likely to spread and become more severe. Stress, especially chronic tension, can cause or exacerbate dermatitis.
    Atopic dermatitis is a hereditary form of the condition that usually becomes apparent in infancy. It typically appears on the face, in the bends of the elbows, and behind the knees. Often, other family members have a history of allergies or asthma. Nummular ('coin-shaped') dermatitis is a chronic condition in which round lesions appear on the limbs. It may be caused by being allergic to nickel and is often associated with dry skin. Dermatitis herpetiformis is a very itchy type of dermatitis associated with intestinal and immune disorders. This form of dermatitis may be triggered by the consumption of dairy products and/ or gluten.
    Eczema is a term sometimes used interchangeably with dermatitis, although some authorities define it as a specific type of dermatitis distinguished by the presence of fluid-filled blisters that weep, ooze, and crust over. Seborrhea is a form of dermatitis that most commonly affects the scalp and/ or face.
    Ageing and the skin
    Historically it was believed that a pale, even skin implied a fragile and refined quality that is associated with femininity, beauty, innocence, and the implication of a higher social status and wealth. For many this is made possible by the latest technological advances in science that affect the cosmetics industry. Innovations, such as nanotechnology, amongst others, could be beneficial to skin protection and anti-ageing.
    • Environmental pollution, poor nutrition, and excess stress can result in the dehydration and premature ageing of the skin.
    • UV radiation is for example responsible for up to 80% of the visible signs of premature ageing, with exposure causing skin damage like pigmentation, inflammation, wrinkles and the loss of elasticity and moisture.
    Normal, smooth, and hydrated skin contains adequate elastin fibres (non-cross linked soluble collagen) that enable the skin to be flexible and elastic. These elastin fibres are found in the connective tissue of the skin.
    • When the skin becomes dehydrated, an excess of cross-linked insoluble collagen forms, which causes the skin to take on a wrinkled appearance. The surface skin also becomes thinner and is prone to damage.
    • In order to rebalance the skin and replenish it with adequate non-cross linked soluble collagen, the skin cells require an adequate supply of about twenty amino acids. These can be supplied to the cells either from within the bodily system, or externally from an appropriate preparation that contains these nutrients for the skin.
    As old age approaches, the rate of epidermal cell replacement slows, the skin thins, and its susceptibility to bruises and other types of injury increases.
    • All of the lubricating substances produced by the skin glands that make young skin so soft start to become deficient. As a result, the skin becomes dry and itchy. However, those with naturally oily skin seem to postpone this dryness until later in life.
    • Elastic fibers begin to clump and degenerate, and collagen fibers become fewer and stiffer as they link together. These alterations of dermal fibers are hastened by prolonged exposure to the sun and wind.
    • The hypo-dermal fat layer diminishes, leading to the intolerance to cold so common in elderly people.
    • The decreasing elasticity of the skin, along with the loss of subcutaneous tissue, inevitably leads to wrinkling.
    Free radicals
    Free radicals are increasingly recognised as being responsible for tissue and organ damage, which could lead to the functional disturbances associated with chronic degenerative disease like arthritis, heart disease and cancer, and for accelerated ageing. The total free radical load (oxidative stress) therefore contributes significantly to the development of many chronic diseases. This assumes particular importance in the aged.
    • One of the signs of increased free radical activity in the aged is the accumulation of ageing pigments often seen on the face and hands of the elderly. The significance of these visible deposits of pigments (lipofuscin) is that similar deposits also occur elsewhere, for example the brain and nerves, where they may cause much more serious damage and contribute towards the ageing process.
    • Once they have formed as a result of free radical activity in the tissue, these pigments are very difficult to remove, presumably due to irreversible tissue damage. But they appear to be readily preventable by ensuring adequate antioxidant activity in the tissues.
    How does the body cope?
    Antioxidants are considered to be one of the cornerstones in halting the aging process and preventing a variety of age-related diseases.
    • Antioxidants scavenge different free radicals in either a watery or a fat environment. There are also antioxidants that work directly and those that work indirectly.
    • Direct antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, neutralize free radicals.
    • In this process, a direct antioxidant binds to a free radical, rendering it harmless and protecting cells from damage.
    • Once the direct antioxidant reacts with a free radical, the antioxidant is destroyed and cannot be effective again (some can however be regenerated).
    Indirect antioxidants like selenium work like catalysts.
    • They do not neutralize free radicals directly, but rather boost the body's own antioxidant defense systems. This group of antioxidants neutralizes free radicals over a period of time. They continue to be effective even after the indirect antioxidants have left the body.
    Fortunately the body also has antioxidant enzymes assisting in scavenging free radicals.
    Cellfood® as a free radical scavenger
    In a clinical trial on athletes at a well known South African University (2001), 35 drops of Cellfood® increased the oxygen uptake by 5%, and the ferritin levels by 31%, amongst others.
    Cellfood® SKINCARE
    The absorption of nutrients by the skin is determined by the permeability of the skin, the formulation of the nutrients, and the transdermal carrier or transporter. Particle size, pH balance, and bio-electrical charge determine the absorption rate of the product by the cells. Cellfood® SKINCARE complies with all three criteria. The actives, and their respective functions, are:
    • Aloe Vera juice - commonly known as a skin healer, moisturizer, and softener. Effective on burns of all types, good for cuts, insect stings, bruises, acne and blemishes, welts, poison ivy, skin ulcers, and eczema
    • Cellfood® - over-and-above its normal functions, it also acts as a transdermal carrier/transporter, facilitating the delivery of the spectrum of skin care nutrients to the cells of the skin
    • Glycerin - a moisturizer
    • Chamomile - has anti-inflammatory properties
    • Polysaccharide gum - assists with the process of making a solution into a gel
    • Fossilized organics - additional source of minerals
    In conclusion
    Good nutrition, a balanced active lifestyle and nutritional antioxidant supplements like Cellfood® could assist in delaying pre-mature aging of the skin from the inside. Limiting the impact of environmental factors by means of facial creams, moisturizers, and Cellfood® SKINCARE could achieve the same from the outside.
    References
    Balch J.F. and Balch P.A. 1997. Prescription for nutritional healing. Avery.
Hormonal Disorders
  • Homocysteine and diabetes mellitus
    Download Dr Jacques Rossouw article on Diabetes Mellitus (DOC 37Kb)
    What is the link between high levels of homocysteine and diabetes mellitus with reference to the risk for coronary heart disease?
    Introduction
    Over 200 million people world-wide suffer from diabetes mellitus (DM). The incidence is increasing and some scientists predict that in the next 20-25 years, as life expectancy increases, this number will exceed 300 million. DM is characterised by hyperglycaemia. Two major types of DM are described: type I or more commonly known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), and type II known as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Type I affects approximately 15% of all people with diabetes whereas type II affects approximately 85%. In normal individuals, blood glucose levels in the body are tightly regulated between 3.5 and 5.5 mmol/l by a myriad of hormones acting on a number of tissues including the kidney, liver, muscle and adipose tissues (Mathai et al., 2007).
    Diabetes and vascular disease
    “Diabetic complications are predominantly due to microvascular and macrovascular damage. Microvascular complications include renal failure, blindness and symptomatic sensorimotor neuropathy; macrovascular complications include coronary artery and peripheral vascular disease. In the last 10 years, large scale clinical studies have shown the link between good long term glycaemic control and a reduction in these complications in type I and II diabetes.
    The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the vascular pathology in DM are probably multifactorial. The primary target is the endothelial cell which lines both large and small blood vessels and maintains vascular integrity by acting as a selective barrier to transvascular flux. The endothelial cell has a myriad of functions including regulation of cell adhesion, fibrinolysis, thrombosis, extracellular matrix production and in maintaining vascular tone. These functions are stimulated by flow and mechanical stress and mediated through the production of antioxidants, antithrombotics and anti-adhesives. These mechanisms afford protection to the integrity of the microvessel. Vasoactive regulators produced by the endothelium include arachidonic acid products and nitric oxide. Nitric oxide is the major regulator of flow dependent dilatation after increased arteriolar flow. The failure of tissues to regulate blood flow is one of the major functional problems thought to contribute to vascular damage in diabetes.” - Mathai et al., 2007.
    Homocysteine and vascular disease (Mathai et al., 2007)
    “McCully first postulated a link between elevated homocysteine concentrations and vascular disease in homocystinuric patients. Patients with this condition have fasting homocysteine levels over 100 mmol/l compared with general population concentrations of less than 10 mmol/l. In homocystinuria, 50% of patients suffer thromboembolic or atherosclerotic events before 30 years. Homocystinuria is essentially a metabolic disorder characterised by defects in the remethylation or catabolism of homocysteine resulting in elevated homocysteine concentrations. Irrespective of the underlying metabolic defect the risk of vasculopathy is the same. This suggests that homocysteine, and not the metabolic block, is responsible for disease.
    In the last 25 years a large number of prospective studies have confirmed that homocysteine is an independent risk factor for vascular disease in the general population. One in seventy people show elevated levels, the majority of which are due to genetic or nutritional factors. Evidence for causality comes from a number of studies of which a synthesis is listed below:
    • Elevations in homocysteine occur before the onset of vascular disease.
    • Elevated homocysteine levels show the same strong graded risk effect for both micro and macrovascular complications, performed across different continents, using different research methodologies. These studies include genetic and other causes of raised homocysteine levels.
    • Homocysteine lowering treatment decreases blood pressure, reverses endothelial dysfunction and decreases the rate of coronary re-stenosis.
    • In vitro and in vivo work confirm that homocysteine is both atherogenic and thrombogenic, providing biological plausibility for causality.
    What are the mechanisms through which homocysteine may promote damage?
    An association between elevated levels of homocysteine and the vascular complications of diabetes has been reported by several research groups (Hoogeveen et al., 1998). In patients with diabetes, elevated homocysteine levels have been reported to be associated with endothelial dysfunction (Hofmann et al., 1998), insulin resistance (Meigs et al., 2001), prothrombotic state (Aso et al., 2004), macroangiopathy Smulders et al., 1999; Buysshaert et al., 2000) and nephropathy (Buysschaert et al., 2000; Davies et al., 2001; Emoto et al., 2001).
    A host of mechanisms through which homocysteine may promote vascular damage (Welch and Loscalzo, 1998), as well as a synergism between homocysteine and diabetic status have been reported (Hofmann et al., 1998). Of note, several studies have demonstrated that elevated homocysteine levels predict the risk of death or coronary events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (Kark et al., 1999; Stehouwer et al., 1999; Hoogeveen et al., 2000). In patients with type 2 diabetes, however, plasma homocysteine levels have been reported to be increased, unchanged or decreased. Conflicting results regarding the circulating levels of homocysteine in patients with diabetes may relate to heterogeneity of the patients included, particularly with regard to renal function status and presence of vascular arterial disease. Another important reason for conflicting results may relate to the remarkably small numbers of patients included in the studies assessing circulating homocysteine levels in patients with diabetes (Ndrepepa et al., 2008).
    Only a few studies have dealt with the link between hyperhomocysteinemia and macroangiopathy in diabetic patients. However, all these studies report a strong association between total homocysteine (tHcy) and macrovascular lesions (see review by Buysshaert et al. (2007). Buysshaert and co-workers (2000) studied 122 type 2 diabetic subjects and presented evidence that the prevalence of macroangiopathy was higher in individuals with hyperhomocysteinemia than in those without hyperhomocysteinemia (70% versus 42%, p < 0.01), even when other confounding risk factors were taken into account (in particular renal function).
    In a study by Rudy and co-workers (2005) diabetic patients with coronary artery disease had higher tHcy in comparison with diabetic individuals without vascular lesions; homocysteine levels correlated significantly with incidence of ischemic heart disease. These results are in keeping with data from Becker et al. (2003), who showed that among type 2 diabetic individuals, the risk of coronary events increased by 28% for each 5 mmol/l increment of tHcy, independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. The study of Hoogeveen et al. (2000) indicated that hyperhomocysteinemia appeared to be a higher (1.9-fold) risk factor for mortality in type 2 diabetic patients than in non-diabetic subjects. Soinio et al. (2004) extended these results by showing that type 2 diabetic patients with tHcy above 15 mmol/l had a heightened risk of coronary heart disease mortality during a 7-year follow-up than those with levels below 15 mmol/l, even after adjustment for confounding variables.
    In type 1 diabetic patients, Hofmann and co-workers (1998) observed a macroangiopathy prevalence of 57 and 33%, respectively, in the presence and absence of hyperhomocysteinemia. This increased prevalence was confirmed by Agullo´-Ortuno and co-workers (2002).
    Can homocysteine levels be lowered by nutritional supplements?
    Homocysteine is either re-methylated to methionine by a vitamin B12 and folate-dependent enzyme (5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase), or is irreversibly catabolised by the transsulphuration pathway, which utilises vitamin B6 (pyridoxal-5'-phosphate) in at least one enzyme-catalysed reaction (Figure 1). Defects in either of these pathways will result in hyperhomocysteinemia. Such a defect can either be caused by a) a deficiency of one of the essential co-factors for normal homocysteine metabolism; vitamin B12, vitamin B6 or folate, or b) certain enzyme variants, which may also cause hyperhomocysteinemia.
    For efficient homocysteine metabolism, an adequate supply of vitamin B12, vitamin B6, folic acid, zinc and trimethylglycine (betaine) is required. However, during food refinement and processing, losses of these nutrients may occur (Van Brummelen 2005 and 2007).
    Vitamin and mineral supplementation and homocysteine
    A daily vitamin supplement (containing vitamin B6, folic acid and vitamin B12) normalised elevated circulating homocysteine levels in patients within six weeks of treatment (Ubbink et al., 1993). This was in agreement with Brattstrom's studies (Brattstrom et al., 1988), which investigated the effect of vitamin B12, vitamin B6 and folic acid on circulating homocysteine levels. Magnesium is also an essential co-factor for the enzyme methionine adenosyl transferase, which forms SAM from L-methionine. It is thus clear that the vitamin and mineral status is an important determinant of circulating homocysteine levels (Van Brummelen, 2005).
    In a clinical trial conducted at the ISR (University of Pretoria), Kruger and co-workers (2009) studied the efficacy of NCODE (Cellfood Longevity) on physical performance and selected markers of health status in males. Twenty healthy sedentary volunteers between the ages of 30 and 60 years with a homocysteine level higher than 10 mmol/l were included in the study. Some of the findings were as follow:
    • Statistically significant increase in serum folate
    • Statistically significant reduction in homocysteine (15%)
    • No change in urate levels
    Conclusion
    Reducing homocysteine will not only benefit diabetics, but also non-diabetics suffering from other chronic conditions.
    References
    Agullo´-Ortuno M, Albaladejo M, Parra S, Rodriguez-Manotas M, Fenollar M, and Ruiz-Espejo F. 2002. Plasmatic homocysteine concentration and its relationship with complications associated to diabetes mellitus. Clin Chim Acta; 326:105-112.
    Aso Y, Yoshida N, Okumura K, Wakabayashi S, Matsutomo R, and Takebayashi K. 2004. Coagulation and inflammation in overt diabetic nephropathy: association with hyperhomocysteinemia. Clin Chim Acta; 348:139-145.
    Becker A, Kostense P, Bos G, Heine R, Dekker J, and Nijpels G. 2003. Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with coronary events in type 2 diabetes. J Intern Med; 253:293-300.
    Brattstrom LE, Israelson B, Jeppson JO, and Hultberg BL. 1988. Folic acid an innocuous means to reduce plasma homocysteine. Scandinavian Journal Clinical and Laboratory Investigation;48: 215-221.
    Buysschaert M, Dramais AS, Wallemacq P, and Hermans MP. 2000. Hyperhomocysteinemia in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care; 23:1816-1822.
    Buysshaert M, Preumont V, and Hermans M P. 2007. Hyperhomocysteinemia and diabetic macroangiopathy: guilty or innocent bystander? A literature review of the current dilemma. Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews; 1: 53-59.
    Davies L, Wilmshurst EG, McElduff A, Gunton J, Clifton-Bligh P, and Fulcher GR. 2001. The relationship between homocysteine, creatinine clearance, and albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care; 24: 1805-1809.
    Emoto M, Kanda H, Shoji T, Kawagishi T, Komatsu M, and Mori Kl. 2001. Impact of insulin resistance and nephropathy on homocysteine in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care; 24:533-538.
    Hofmann MA, Kohl B, Zumbach M, Borcea V, Bierhaus A, and Henkels M. 1998 Homocysteinaemia and endothelial dysfunction in IDDM. Diabetes Care; 21:841-848.
    Hoogeveen EK, Kostense PJ, Beks PJ, Mackaay AJ, Jakobs C, and Bouter LM. 1998. Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, especially in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a population-based study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol; 18:133-138.
    Hoogeveen EK, Kostense PJ, Jakobs C, Dekker J, Nijpels G, and Heine RJ. 2000. Hyperhomocysteinemia increases risk of death, especially in type 2 diabetes: 5-year follow-up of the Hoorn Study. Circulation; 101:1506-1511.
    Kark JD, Selhub J, Bostom A, Adler B, and Rosenberg IH. 1999. Plasma homocysteine and all-cause mortality in diabetes. Lancet; 353:1936-1937.
    Kruger PE, Wood PS, Grant R, and Clark J. 2009. Efficacy of NCODE (Cellfood Longevity) on physical performance and selected markers of health status in males. Research report, Institute for Sports Research, University of Pretoria.
    Mathai M, Radford SE, and Holland P. 2007. Progressive glycosylation of albumin and its effect on the binding of homocysteine may be a key step in the pathogenesis of vascular damage in diabetes mellitus. Medical Hypotheses; 69: 166–172.
    Meigs JB, Jacques PF, Selhub J, Singer DE, Nathan DM, and Rifai N. 2001. Framingham Offspring Study. Fasting plasma homocysteine levels in the insulin resistance syndrome: the Framingham offspring study. Diabetes Care; 24: 1403-1410.
    Ndrepepa G, Kastrati A, Braun S, Koch W, Kolling K, Mehilli J, and Schomig A. 2008. Circulating homocysteine levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases; 18: 66-73.
    Rudy A, Kowalska I, Straczkowski M, and Kinalska I. 2005. Homocysteine concentrations and vascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab; 31:112-117.
    Santora R, and Kozar RA. 2009. Research review. Molecular mechanisms of pharmaconutrients. Journal of Surgical Research; 1-7.
    Smulders YM, Rakic M, Slaats EH, Treskes M, Sijbrands EJ, and Odekerken DA. 1999. Fasting and post-methionine homocysteine levels in NIDDM. Determinants and correlations with retinopathy, albuminuria, and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care; 22:125-132.
    Soinio M, Marniemi J, Laakso M, Lehto S, and Ronnemaa T. 2004. Elevated plasma homocysteine level is an independent predictor of coronary heart disease events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med; 140:94-100.
    Stehouwer CD, Gall MA, Hougaard P, Jakobs C, and Parving HH. 1999. Plasma homocysteine concentration predicts mortality in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients with and without albuminuria. Kidney Int; 55:308-314.
    Ubbink JB, Vermaak WJH, Bennett JM, Becker PJ, Van Staden DA and Bissbort S. 1991. The prevalence of homocysteinemia and hypercholesterolemia in angiographically defined coronary heart disease. Klinische Wochenschribe;69: 527-534.
    Ubbink JB, Vermaak WJH, Van der Merwe A, and Becker PJ. 1993. The nutritional status of vitamin B-12, vitamin B-6 and folate in men with hyperhomocysteinemia. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition;57: 47-53.
    Ueland PM, and Refsum H. 1989. Plasma homocysteine, a risk factor for vascular disease: plasma levels in health, disease, and drug therapy. The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine;114: 473- 501.
    Van Brummelen R. 2005. L-methionine as immune-supportive supplement in HIV and other immune-deficient conditions: a clinical study. Doctoral thesis, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa.
    Van Brummelen R, and du Toit D. 2007. L-methionine as immune supportive supplement: a clinical evaluation. Amino Acids; 33: 157-163.
    Verhoef et al. 1996. American Journal of Epidemiology; 143: 845 – 859.
    Welch GN, and Loscalzo J. 1998. Homocysteine and atherothrombosis. N Engl J Med; 338:1042-1050.
  • Thyroid disorders
    Introduction
    Many individuals are confused as to whether they have a low or underactive thyroid, or some type of thyroid condition such as hypothyroid, hyperthyroid, elevated thyroid auto-antibodies, or Hashimotos thyroiditis. Interestingly, many people are simply suffering from rather simple nutritional deficiencies.
    “The thyroid gland is the body's internal thermostat. It regulates body temperature by secreting two hormones that control how quickly the body burns calories and uses energy. If the thyroid secretes too much hormone, hyperthyroidism results; too little hormone results in hypothyroidism. Many cases of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are believed to result from an abnormal immune response. The exact cause is not understood, but the immune system can produce antibodies that invade and attack the thyroid, disrupting hormone production. Both of these thyroid disorders affect women more often than men. A malfunctioning thyroid can be the underlying cause of many recurring illnesses” - Balch and Balch, 1997.
    Hyperthyroidism
    Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone, resulting in an overactive metabolic state. All of the body's processes speed up with this disorder. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism include nervousness, irritability, a constant feeling of being hot, increased perspiration, insomnia and fatigue, increased frequency of bowel movements, less frequent menstruation and decreased menstrual flow, weakness, hair and weight loss, change in skin thickness, separation of the nails from the nail bed, hand tremors, intolerance of heat, rapid heartbeat, goiter, and, sometimes, protruding eyeballs. Hyperthyroidism is sometimes also called thyrotoxicosis with Graves’ disease the most common type of this disorder (Balch and Balch, 1997; Merck Manual, 2004).
    Hypothyroidism
    Hypothyroidism is caused by an underproduction of thyroid hormone. Symptoms include fatigue, loss of appetite, inability to tolerate cold, a slow heart rate, weight gain, painful premenstrual periods, a milky discharge from the breasts, fertility problems, muscle weakness, muscle cramps, dry and scaly skin, a yellow-orange coloration in the skin (particularly on the palms of the hands), yellow bumps on the eyelids, hair loss (including the eyebrows), recurrent infections, constipation, depression, difficulty concentrating, slow speech, goiter, and drooping, swollen eyes. The most common symptoms are fatigue and intolerance to cold.
    A condition called Hashimoto's diseaseis believed to be the most common cause of an underactive thyroid. In this disorder, the body in effect becomes allergic to thyroid hormones. Hashimoto's disease is a common cause of goiter, a swelling of the thyroid gland, among adults (Balch and Balch, 1997; Merck Manual, 2004).
    Thyroid gland
    “The thyroid gland consists of two lobes that lie on each side of the trachea, just below the Adam's apple. It is one of the largest and most sensitive endocrine glands in the body. This unique mass of specialized tissue produces the thyroid hormones thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (TS), the primary regulators of human metabolism. Both hormones are classified as biogenic amines and are derived from the amino acid, tyrosine.
    Because it controls the body's metabolic rate, and the rate at which energy is produced, imbalances of thyroid hormones can have a profound effect on an individual's energy levels. Thyroid hormones accelerate cellular reactions and increase oxidative metabolism. By stimulating enzymes that control active transport pumps, demand for cellular oxygen increases, and as ATP production goes up, heat is produced. This creates a thermoregulatory effect, which increases body temperature. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is directly influenced by thyroid hormone chemistry” - Kale and co-workers, 2006.
    Effects of thyroid hormones
    “Thyroid hormones can target, influence and alter the metabolism of virtually every cell in the body. Thyroid hormones stimulate protein synthesis and increase the rate at which triglycerides (fats) are broken down (lipolysis). This is why they are sometimes taken by athletes in sports where physical appearance is judged, especially during the final stages of pre-contest dieting. At appropriate levels, these hormones help preserve muscle and reduce body fat, but when used incorrectly or excessively, they are highly destructive to muscle (catabolic). The thyroid secretes about ten times as much T4 as T3; however, T3 is roughly two to three times more potent. Thyroxin is converted into the more active triiodothyronine with the selenium-dependent enzyme 5'-deiodinase. T3 and T4 are lipid-soluble and combine with special transport proteins upon release into the blood serum, called thyroxin-binding globulins (TBG). Less than one percent of thyroid hormones travel unattached in their free state.
    During growth, thyroid hormones provide an anabolic influence on protein metabolism. This is due to their influence on insulin secretion. T4 and insulin also connect in the liver, where they mutually affect IGF activity. IGF (insulin growth factors) are powerful muscle building control agents. In the absence of adequate levels of thyroid hormones, human growth hormone (hGH) also loses its growth-promoting action and is not secreted normally” - Kale and co-workers, 2006.
    Thyroid pathology
    “Acceleration of the basal metabolic rate and the energy metabolism of tissues represent one of the major functions of thyroid hormones. Accumulating evidence has suggested that the hypermetabolic state in hyperthyroidism is associated with increases in free radical production and lipid peroxide levels, whereas the hypometabolic state induced by hypothyroidism is associated with a decrease in free radical production and in lipid peroxidation products” - Kale and co-workers, 2006.
    Research reports suggest that hyperthyroidism increases oxidative stress and that treatment with thyroxin produces oxidative stress. It is well established that oxidative stress can result in immunosuppression and that hypothyroidism also causes immunosuppression (Kale and co-workers, 2006).
    The thyroid and nutrition
    The healthy function of the thyroid system is a top-level health priority, as a sluggish thyroid is now shown to make any other health problem more challenging. A lack of proper nutrition for the thyroid system is a huge metabolic problem. How can your body make energy if it is lacking basic nutrients that make normal thyroid function possible?
    Nutrition helps the body make and activate thyroid hormones, helps thyroid hormones work inside cells, and assists the brain to better regulate overall thyroid status. Even if a person is taking thyroid medication, it is likely that he or she can benefit from appropriate nutritional support.
    There are several basic nutritional inadequacies that stress healthy thyroid function. It is suggested that a multivitamin and mineral complex is taken daily to assist in overcoming some of these inadequacies. Additional intake of antioxidants (to counter free radicals), iodine, iron, zinc and tyrosine may be warranted (Balch and Balch, 1997; Merck Manual, 2004).
    Cellfood®
    In a clinical trial on athletes at the University of Pretoria (2001) 35 drops of Cellfood® increased the oxygen uptake by 5%, and the ferritin levels by 31%, amongst others.
    • An oxygen mineral supplement like Cellfood® is rapidly absorbed by the body, assists with oxygenation and increases the oxygen saturation in the blood;
    • Oxygen is one of the important elements for aerobic life as we know it and is essential for energizing and cleansing the body;
    • The increased ferritin levels can assist with the production of more red blood cells that are needed to transport oxygen to the different organs (including the thyroid) and cells;
    • Cellfood® is a powerful antioxidant that assists the immune system; it also assists the body in producing glutathione, a powerful antioxidant that will help negate the negative effects of free radicals, and
    • It provides essential nutrients like selenium, germanium, iodine and amino acids (including tyrosine) directly at cellular level.
    In 2011 Benedetti and co-workers investigated the antioxidant properties of Cellfood® in vitro in different model systems:
    • Three pathophysiologically relevant oxidants were chosen to evaluate Cellfood’s protection against oxidative stress: hydrogen peroxide, peroxyl radicals and hypochlorous acid;
    • Both biomolecules (GSH and plasmidDNA) and circulating cells (erythrocytes and lymphocytes) were used as targets of oxidation;
    • Cellfood® protected, in a dose-dependent manner, both GSH and DNA from oxidation by preserving reduced GSH thiol groups and supercoiled DNA integrity, respectively;
    • At the same time, Cellfood® protected erythrocytes from oxidative damage by reducing cell lysis and GSH intracellular depletion after exposure to the oxidant agents;
    • In lymphocytes. Cellfood® reduced the intracellular oxidative stress inducedby the three oxidants in a dose-dependent manner; and
    • The overall in vitro protection of biomolecules and cells against free radical attacks suggests that Cellfood® might be a valuable coadjuvant in the prevention and treatment of various physiological and pathological conditions related to oxidative stress, from aging to atherosclerosis, from neurodegeneration to cancer.
    References
    Balch J.F. and Balch P.A. 1997. Prescription for nutritional healing. Avery Publishing Group.
    Benedetti S., Catalani S., Palma F., and Canestrari F. 2011. The antioxidant protection of CellfoodÒ against oxidative damage in vitro. Food and Chemical Toxicology 49: 2292-2298.
    Kale M.K., Umathe S.N., and Bhusari K.P. 2006. Positive Health, 24-27.
    The Merck Manual of Medical Information. 2004. 2nd Home Edition. Pocket Books, 862-868.

Before you take any supplement, please consult with your physician or other licensed healthcare professional to determine if a supplement is appropriate for you.

 

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